This manual is for ERC version 5.3.
Copyright © 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting software freedom.”
All Emacs Lisp code contained in this document may be used, distributed, and modified without restriction.
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
Obtaining ERC
Getting Started
Advanced Usage
ERC is a powerful, modular, and extensible IRC client for Emacs.
It comes with the following capabilities enabled by default.
Note that some ERC files are not included with Emacs due to copyright or dependency issues. If desired, they may be found at the following locations, or from your local GNU mirror.
The rest of this chapter may be skipped if you are using the version of ERC that comes with Emacs.
Choose to install a release if you want to minimize risk.
Errors are corrected in development first. User-visible changes will be announced on the [email protected] mailing list. see Getting Help and Reporting Bugs.
Debian users can get ERC via apt-get. The erc package is available in the official Debian repository.
Alternatively, you can download the latest release from http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/erc, or your local GNU mirror.
Choose the development version if you want to live on the bleeding edge of ERC development or try out new features before release.
The git version control system allows you to keep up-to-date with the latest changes to the development version of ERC. It also allows you to contribute changes (via commits, if you are have developer access to the repository, or via patches, otherwise). If you would like to contribute to ERC development, it is highly recommended that you use git.
If you are new to git, you might find this tutorial helpful: http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/tutorial.html.
Downloading ERC with git and staying up-to-date involves the following steps.
If you have developer access to ERC, do:
git clone ssh://[email protected]/srv/git/erc.git
otherwise, do:
git clone git://git.sv.gnu.org/erc.git
If you are behind a restrictive firewall, and do not have developer access, then do the following instead:
git clone http://git.sv.gnu.org/r/erc.git
# Change to the source directory you are interested in.
cd erc
# Fetch new changes from the repository, but don't apply them yet
git fetch origin
# Display log messages for the new changes
git log HEAD..origin
“origin” is git's name for the location where you originally got ERC from. You can change this location at any time by editing the .git/config file in the directory where the ERC source was placed.
cd erc
git pull origin
git will show how many files changed, and will provide a visual display for how many lines were changed in each file.
There are other ways to interact with the ERC repository.
The latest development snapshot can lag behind the git repo by as much as 20 minutes, but never more than that.
For further information on committing changes to ERC and performing development, please consult http://emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/ErcDevelopment.
ERC may be compiled and installed on your machine.
This section may be skipped if you are using the version of ERC that comes with Emacs.
This is an optional step, since Emacs Lisp source code does not necessarily have to be byte-compiled. It will yield a speed increase, though.
A working copy of Emacs or XEmacs is needed in order to compile ERC. By default, the program that is installed with the name emacs will be used.
If you want to use the xemacs binary to perform the compilation, you would need to edit Makefile in the top-level directory as follows. You can put either a full path to an Emacs or XEmacs binary or just the command name, as long as it is in the PATH.
EMACS = xemacs
SITEFLAG = -no-site-file
Running make should compile the ERC source files in the
lisp directory.
ERC may be installed into your file hierarchy by doing the following.
Edit the Makefile file so that ELISPDIR points to where you want the source and compiled ERC files to be installed and INFODIR indicates where to put the ERC manual. Of course, you will want to edit EMACS and SITEFLAG as shown in the Compilation section if you are using XEmacs.
If you are installing ERC on a Debian system, you might want to change the value of INSTALLINFO as specified in Makefile.
Run make as a normal user.
Run make install as the root user if you have chosen installation
locations that require this.
To use ERC, add the directory containing its files to your
load-path variable, in your .emacs file. Then, load ERC
itself. An example follows.
(require 'erc)
Once ERC is loaded, the command M-x erc will start ERC and prompt for the server to connect to.
If you want to place ERC settings in their own file, you can place them in ~/.emacs.d/.ercrc.el, creating it if necessary.
If you would rather use the Customize interface to change how ERC works, do M-x customize-group RET erc RET. In particular, ERC comes with lots of modules that may be enabled or disabled; to select which ones you want, do M-x customize-variable RET erc-modules RET.
This is an example ERC session which shows how to connect to the #emacs channel on Freenode. Another IRC channel on Freenode that may be of interest is #erc, which is a channel where ERC users and developers hang out.
Run M-x erc. Use “irc.freenode.net” as the IRC server, “6667” as the port, and choose a nickname.
Switch to the “irc.freenode.net:6667” buffer, if you're not already there. You will see first some messages about checking for ident, and then a bunch of other messages that describe the current IRC server.
In that buffer, type “/join SPC #emacs” and hit RET. Depending on how you've set up ERC, either a new buffer for “#emacs” will be displayed, or a new buffer called “#emacs” will be created in the background. If the latter, switch to the “#emacs” buffer. You will see the channel topic and a list of the people who are currently on the channel.
If you would like to be able to talk with people privately on the Freenode network, you will have to “register” your nickname. To do so, switch to the “irc.freenode.net:6667” buffer and type “/msg NickServ register <password>”, replacing “<password>” with your desired password. It should tell you that the operation was successful.
If you switch back to the “#emacs” buffer, you can type a message, and everyone on the channel will see it.
If you want to talk with someone in private (this should usually not be done for technical help, only for personal questions), type “/query <nick>”, replacing “<nick>” with the nickname of the person you would like to talk to. Depending on how ERC is set up, you will either see a new buffer with the name of the person, or such a buffer will be created in the background and you will have to switch to it. Begin typing messages, and you will be able to have a conversation.
Note that if the other person is not registered, you will not be able to talk with them.
ERC has some features that distinguish it from some IRC clients.
Every channel is put in a separate buffer. Several IRC servers may be connected to at the same time.
Private conversations are treated as channels, and are put into separate buffers in Emacs. We call these “query buffers”.
Some occurrences of words can be highlighted, which makes it easier to track different kinds of conversations.
ERC can notify you that certain users are online.
Channels can be hidden and conversation continue in the background. You are notified when something is said in such a channel that is not currently visible. This makes it easy to get Real Work done while still maintaining an IRC presence.
ERC can complete words upon hitting TAB, which eases the writing of nicknames in messages.
Past actions are kept in history rings for future use. To navigate a history ring, hit M-p to go backwards and M-n to go forwards.
Different channels and servers may have different language encodings.
In addition, it is possible to translate the messages that ERC uses into multiple languages. Please contact the developers of ERC at [email protected] if you are interested in helping with the translation effort.
Users can load scripts (e.g. auto greeting scripts) when ERC starts up.
It is also possible to make custom IRC commands, if you know a little
Emacs Lisp. Just make an Emacs Lisp function and call it
erc-cmd-NEWCOMMAND, where NEWCOMMAND is the name of the
new command in capital letters.
If the connection goes away at some point, ERC will try to reconnect
automatically. If it fails to reconnect, and you want to try to
manually reestablish the connection at some later point, switch to an
ERC buffer and run the /RECONNECT command.
This is a summary of keystrokes available in every ERC buffer.
C-g means quit.
RET lets you type more than one mode at a time.
If l is pressed, erc-set-channel-limit gets called.
If k is pressed, erc-set-channel-key gets called.
Anything else will be sent to `erc-toggle-channel-mode'.
One way to add functionality to ERC is to customize which of its many modules are loaded.
There is a spiffy customize interface, which may be reached by typing
M-x customize-option erc-modules RET. Alternatively, set
erc-modules manually and then call erc-update-modules.
The following is a list of available modules.
autoawayautojoinbbdbbuttoncapab-identifycompletion (aka pcomplete)fillhecompleteidentdirccontrolslistlogmatchmenunetsplitnoncommandsnotifypagereadonlyreplaceringscrolltobottomservicessmileysoundspellingstamptracktruncateunmorseThe easiest way to connect to an IRC server is to call M-x erc. If you want to assign this function to a keystroke, the following will help you figure out its parameters.
Select connection parameters and run ERC. Non-interactively, it takes the following keyword arguments.
- server
- port
- nick
- password
- full-name
That is, if called with the following arguments, server and full-name will be set to those values, whereas
erc-compute-port,erc-compute-nickanderc-compute-full-namewill be invoked for the values of the other parameters.(erc :server "irc.freenode.net" :full-name "Harry S Truman")
Return an IRC server name.
This tries a number of increasingly more default methods until a non-nil value is found.
- server (the argument passed to this function)
- The
erc-serveroption- The value of the IRCSERVER environment variable
- The
erc-default-servervariable
Return a port for an IRC server.
This tries a number of increasingly more default methods until a non-nil value is found.
- port (the argument passed to this function)
- The
erc-portoption- The
erc-default-portvariable
Return user's IRC nick.
This tries a number of increasingly more default methods until a non-nil value is found.
- nick (the argument passed to this function)
- The
erc-nickoption- The value of the IRCNICK environment variable
- The result from the
user-login-namefunction
Nickname to use if one is not provided.
This can be either a string, or a list of strings. In the latter case, if the first nick in the list is already in use, other nicks are tried in the list order.
If the nickname you chose isn't available, and this option is non-nil, ERC should automatically attempt to connect with another nickname.
You can manually set another nickname with the /NICK command.
Return user's full name.
This tries a number of increasingly more default methods until a non-nil value is found.
- full-name (the argument passed to this function)
- The
erc-user-full-nameoption- The value of the IRCNAME environment variable
- The result from the
user-full-namefunction
User full name.
This can be either a string or a function to call.
Here is an example of configuration settings for ERC. This can go into
your Emacs configuration file. Everything after the (require
'erc) command can optionally go into ~/.emacs.d/.ercrc.el.
;;; Sample ERC configuration
;; Add the ERC directory to load path -- you don't need this if you are
;; using the version of ERC that comes with Emacs
(add-to-list 'load-path "~/elisp/erc")
;; Load ERC
(require 'erc)
;; Load authentication info from an external source. Put sensitive
;; passwords and the like in here.
(load "~/.emacs.d/.erc-auth")
;; This is an example of how to make a new command. Type "/uptime" to
;; use it.
(defun erc-cmd-UPTIME (&rest ignore)
"Display the uptime of the system, as well as some load-related
stuff, to the current ERC buffer."
(let ((uname-output
(replace-regexp-in-string
", load average: " "] {Load average} ["
;; Collapse spaces, remove
(replace-regexp-in-string
" +" " "
;; Remove beginning and trailing whitespace
(replace-regexp-in-string
"^ +\\|[ \n]+$" ""
(shell-command-to-string "uptime"))))))
(erc-send-message
(concat "{Uptime} [" uname-output "]"))))
;; This causes ERC to connect to the Freenode network upon hitting
;; C-c e f. Replace MYNICK with your IRC nick.
(global-set-key "\C-cef" (lambda () (interactive)
(erc :server "irc.freenode.net" :port "6667"
:nick "MYNICK")))
;; This causes ERC to connect to the IRC server on your own machine (if
;; you have one) upon hitting C-c e b. Replace MYNICK with your IRC
;; nick. Often, people like to run bitlbee (http://bitlbee.org/) as an
;; AIM/Jabber/MSN to IRC gateway, so that they can use ERC to chat with
;; people on those networks.
(global-set-key "\C-ceb" (lambda () (interactive)
(erc :server "localhost" :port "6667"
:nick "MYNICK")))
;; Make C-c RET (or C-c C-RET) send messages instead of RET. This has
;; been commented out to avoid confusing new users.
;; (define-key erc-mode-map (kbd "RET") nil)
;; (define-key erc-mode-map (kbd "C-c RET") 'erc-send-current-line)
;; (define-key erc-mode-map (kbd "C-c C-RET") 'erc-send-current-line)
;;; Options
;; Join the #emacs and #erc channels whenever connecting to Freenode.
(setq erc-autojoin-channels-alist '(("freenode.net" "#emacs" "#erc")))
;; Interpret mIRC-style color commands in IRC chats
(setq erc-interpret-mirc-color t)
;; The following are commented out by default, but users of other
;; non-Emacs IRC clients might find them useful.
;; Kill buffers for channels after /part
;; (setq erc-kill-buffer-on-part t)
;; Kill buffers for private queries after quitting the server
;; (setq erc-kill-queries-on-quit t)
;; Kill buffers for server messages after quitting the server
;; (setq erc-kill-server-buffer-on-quit t)
This section has not yet been written. For now, the easiest way to check out the available options for ERC is to do M-x customize-group erc RET.
After you have read this guide, if you still have questions about ERC, or if you have bugs to report, there are several places you can go.
The mailing lists are also available on Gmane. (http://gmane.org/). Gmane provides additional methods for accessing the mailing lists, adding content to them, and searching them.
ERC was originally written by Alexander L. Belikoff [email protected] and Sergey Berezin [email protected]. They stopped development around December 1999. Their last released version was ERC 2.0.
P.S.: If one of the original developers of ERC reads this, we'd like to receive additional information for this file and hear comments in general.
In June 2001, Mario Lang [email protected] and Alex Schroeder [email protected] took over development and created a ERC Project at http://sourceforge.net/projects/erc.
In reaction to a mail about the new ERC development effort, Sergey Berezin said, “First of all, I'm glad that my version of ERC is being used out there. The thing is, I do not have free time and enough incentive anymore to work on ERC, so I would be happy if you guys take over the project entirely.”
So we happily hacked away on ERC, and soon after (September 2001) released the next "stable" version, 2.1.
Most of the development of the new ERC happened on #emacs on irc.openprojects.net. Over time, many people contributed code, ideas, bugfixes, and a lot of alpha/beta/gamma testing.
See the CREDITS file for a list of contributors.
ERC 3.0 was released.
ERC 4.0 was released.
ERC 5.0 was released. Michael Olson [email protected] became the release manager and eventually the maintainer.
After some discussion between him and the Emacs developers, it was decided to include ERC in Emacs.
ERC 5.1 was released. It was subsequently included in Emacs 22.
ERC became an official GNU project, and development moved to http://sv.gnu.org/projects/erc. We switched to using GNU Arch as our revision control system. Our mailing list address changed as well.
We switched to using git for our version control system.
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Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”.
A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works based on it.
A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later version.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee.
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) year name of author
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
program Copyright (C) year name of author
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque.”
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements.” Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements”
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties–for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications.” You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with the
Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts being
list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.
erc: Connectingerc-compute-full-name: Connectingerc-compute-nick: Connectingerc-compute-port: Connectingerc-compute-server: Connecting